Physical Fitness Perception and Physical Education Enjoyment in 11- to 12-Year-Old Children.

Childhood motor competence plays a fundamental role in long-term adherence to physical activity. Enjoyment levels and self-perception of physical fitness increase motivation, commitment, and participation in physical activity. The objective of this study was to assess the body mass index (BMI), weight percentile, health status, physical fitness, and enjoyment levels of physical activity. A sample of 138 persons, of whom 67 were males and 71 females, with a mean BMI of 20.04 (2.35) answered the questionnaires Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale and the International Fitness Scale−self-report of physical fitness in young people. Tests were administered to measure functional fitness and anthropometric characteristics. Statistical analysis included calculation of Cronbach's alpha, ANOVA and Pearson's bivariate test correlations. The data indicate the reliability of the International Fitness Scale. No significant differences by gender were observed for the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale. The BMI showed that significant positive correlations with 20 m sprint scores (p < 0.001, r = 0.367) and significant negative correlations with 6-minute lap scores (p < 0.001, r = −0.360) could be caused by an older physiological age. The overall physical fitness level of the children was medium-high, with most of the children enjoying physical education classes and slightly higher enjoyment values for males 40.88 (5.42) than females 40.31 (6.16).

A Golf Course Quality Scale (GCQS): Validity and Reliability Testing on Spanish Golf Courses.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties, in terms of validity and reproducibility, of the Golf Course Quality Scale (GCQS) in the Spanish golf course context. The GCQS is a scale that measures the quality of a golf course perceived by its users. It is comprised of 22 five-point Likert scale items, ranging from 1 (disagree) to 5 (totally agree). The items were grouped into five dimensions: services, etiquette, facilities, golf courses, and staff. A translated and adapted version of the Australian CQS questionnaire was administered to a total of 401 federated golf players in the Region of Murcia (RM). The margin of error was 4.9% with a confidence level of 95%. Of the total sample, 88.5% were men and 11.5% were women. The participants were between the ages of 18 and 80 (M = 54.1, SD = 14.3). Following an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to determine the suitability of the proposed items and the factorial structure of the scale, a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed using structural equations under the maximum likelihood extraction method. This assessed the fit of the model and its internal consistency, with values above 0.79. In conclusion, the validity and reliability of this psychometric scale for the purposes of evaluating the quality of golf courses perceived by their users have been verified. The results confirm that the scale is a useful tool for golf course research and management.

Influence of the Psychomotor Profile in the Improvement of Learning in Early Childhood Education.

The development of psychomotor skills in childhood enables children to organise the outside world through their bodies, contributing to their intellectual, affective, and social development. The present study aimed to longitudinally evaluate the psychomotor profile, throughout three academic years, of 3, 4 and 5-year-olds belonging to the second cycle of infant school, relating it descriptively to academic performance. The sample consisted of 82 subjects aged between 3 and 6 years throughout the study. The distribution of the sample was homogeneous, with 47.6% boys (n = 39) and 52.4% girls (n = 43). The results not only highlight the importance of the development and stimulation of motor skills from an early age for the overall development of the child, but also, when related to previous studies, show how they influence the development of human beings in adulthood.

Influence of Psychological Factors in Federated Futsal and Lifeguard Athletes, Differences by Gender and Category.

This research aims to analyse the differences in optimism, resilience, engagement and competitive anxiety as a function of the sport modality practiced in lifeguarding (individual sport) and futsal (team sport); the sport category by age (cadet or youth) and gender. The LOT-R optimism questionnaire, the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC-10), the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES) and the Competitive Anxiety Scale (SAS-2) were applied to a sample of 189 participants (139 men and 50 womwn) aged between 14 and 17 years. The following statistical tests are performed: Cronbach's alpha, Pearson's linear correlation, Student's t-test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Levene's test and multivariate linear regression. The data indicate that there are significant gender differences in total anxiety (p <0.001) and all its dimensions (somatic, worry, worry-free), also in optimism and pessimism (p < 0.001), as well as in total engagement (p = 0.051) and the absorption dimension (p < 0.001). When comparing the sample by sport categories, there are statistically significant differences in somatic anxiety (p = 0.036) and deconcentration (p = 0.034), as well as in LOT-total (p ≤ 0.001) and pessimism (p ≤ 0.001). In relation to the sport modalities, lifeguards show more anxiety 38.39 (0.49) and more commitment 4.58 (0.87) while futsal athletes reach higher scores in deconcentration 8.45 (2.29). It is concluded that the variables of commitment and resilience had a statistically significant positive effect, and the category of <16 years had a statistically significant negative effect, so the lower the category, the higher the optimism.

Effects of Fatigue and Grit on Club Sports Coaches.

The objective of this research is to identify the level of general fatigue (FG), physical fatigue (FF) and concentration/motivation (C/M) in sports coaches. Two components of grit, consistency of interest (CI) and perseverance in effort (PE), are also assessed. The possible effects of sex, age, marital status, employment contract, work dedication and grit on FG, FF and C/M in sports coaches are examined. This cross-sectional study analyses 335 sports club coaches (21.2% women, 78.8% male) with a mean age of 29.88 (SD = 9.97) years, at a significance level of p < 0.05 for all analyses. Different aspects of fatigue were determined using the Spanish translation of the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory-20 (IMF-20). The Grit-S scale was used to measure the ability to persevere, have passion and commit. The results indicated that men scored higher in FF, C/M and PE, while women obtained higher values in FG and CI. Non-contract coaches had higher FG, CI and PE, while coaches with contracts scored higher on C/M and FF. In conclusion, coaches with higher CI had higher FG, and high levels of PE were associated with low FG levels.

Psychological Profile and Competitive Performance in Group Aesthetic Gymnastics.

The objective of the research was to evaluate the perceptions about the psychological variables of cohesion and motivational climate that AGG gymnasts have about the context created by the coaches in their teams and to analyze in the different categories the optimism and competitive anxiety they face in competitive situations. In an attempt to clarify the psychosocial training patterns in this sport and the influence they have on the well-being of its practitioners, competitive anxiety, motivational climate, team cohesion and level of optimism were taken as dependent variables. The sample was made up of 98 national and international junior and senior athletes in the aesthetic gymnastics group aged 13 to 27 (M = 17.1; SD = 2.8). The Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire for motivational climate, the Sport Anxiety Scale-2 for competitive anxiety, the Group Environment Questionnaire for cohesion and the Revised Life Orientation Test for optimism were used in the evaluation. The results obtained show a positive and statistically significant correlation between anxiety and ego involvement, while, for task involvement, high levels of cohesion are associated with high levels of optimism (p = 0.005). In conclusion, the data confirm that high levels of cohesion are associated with high levels of optimism, in addition high scores on task involvement show high scores on cohesion and optimism, however high scores on ego involvement are associated with low scores on cohesion and optimism.

The Influence of Physical Activity, Anxiety, Resilience and Engagement on the Optimism of Older Adults.

The purpose of this study was to learn how physical activity, anxiety, resilience and engagement can influence optimism in older adults. An observational, quantitative, descriptive and transversal design was used with non-probabilistic sampling. A descriptive statistical analysis of the sample, Cronbach's alpha test of internal consistency and linear correlation using Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) were performed. In addition, a t-Student test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), Kolmogorov-Smirnov test of normality and Levene test of homogeneity, as well as a multivariate linear regression model, were conducted. Participants who had not engaged in physical activity showed an increased total anxiety and significantly greater decrease in concentration compared to those who had engaged in physical activity. The Revised Life Orientation Test (LOT-R), Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES) and resilience of participants who had not engaged in physical activity were significantly lower than those of the participants who had engaged in physical activity. Those with a partner showed significantly lower decreases in concentration compared to single women. Regarding UWES, the current scores and dedication of couples were significantly higher than singles, as for resilience. In addition, the levels of pessimism in participants living on the coast were significantly higher compared to those living inland; in addition, a greater number of days with less anxiety is seen in those who performed physical activity. A multivariate linear regression model, F(7, 349) = 30.6, p < 0.001, explained 38% of the variance of LOT-R; those attending a public center had a lower LOT-R than those who did not, and high values of anxiety were associated with low levels of LOT-R, while high values of resilience were associated with high values of LOT-R. The results from the study provide support for future programs for older adults, in order to be able to determine in a much more precise way the objectives of programs intended for users of this age group.

Older Adults' Gender, Age and Physical Activity Effects on Anxiety, Optimism, Resilience and Engagement.

The purpose of the study was to understand the effects of gender and age on anxiety, optimism, resilience and engagement in a group of older adults. An observational, quantitative, descriptive and transversal design was used with non-probabilistic sampling. Descriptive statistical analyses, reliability tests (Cronbach's alpha) and linear correlation tests (Pearson's) were performed, and the development of multivariate linear regression models was conducted. Female participants in the sample had higher levels in anxiety and pessimism, while male participants scored higher in optimism, engagement and resilience. Participants who practiced physical activity (PA) had better scores in optimism, engagement and resilience. The sample comprised 55.1% men and 44.9% women, between the ages of 51 and 93, with an average of 68.1 years, all participants completed the questionnaire Anxiety Scale-2 (SAS-2) the Revised Life Orientation Test (LOT-R) the short version of the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale questionnaire (UWES-9) the short version of the CD-RISC. As for marital status, there were significant differences between single participants and romantic partner. Singles participants showed higher levels of anxiety than their married counterparts, while those in a relationship scored higher in optimism, engagement and resilience. The model was statistically significant F (9;352) = 14.6; p < 0.001, explaining 27% of the variance in optimism. The data indicated that PA practice and living with a partner in an inland area is associated with less anxiety, which may have implications for programs and activities designed for older adults.

Level of quality management in the Municipal Sports Services, contrast trough EFQM Excellence Model.

The quality management in the Municipal Sports Services is embedded in the servuction provided to the citizens, which are their internal customers who determine the quality improvement ensuring competitiveness with excellence criteria. The Model of the European Foundation for Quality Management enables the evaluation of organization progress towards achieving quality goals, from a structured, measurable and comparable methodology. The aim is to carry out a diagnosis of the level of implementation of quality in the Municipal Sports Services of the Region of Murcia, Spain. The sample of 287 workers of 30 sports services gets a high level of reliability at all scales, with a coefficient of variation of .985 (range .810-.943). The score in the criteria of Policy and Strategy, People Management, Alliances and Resources, Processes and People Results were significantly higher (p < .05) in the Municipalities with more than 25,000 inhabitants when compared with those less than 10,000 and with those from 10,000 to 25,000 inhabitants obtaining global ratings of 571 points, those less than 10,000, 590 points those from 10,000 to 25,000 and those higher than 25,000 reach 636, having a good level of quality in relation to the scale that determines the model.

Rendimiento físico y psicológico en lucha olímpica: predictores del éxito en lucha femenina / Physical and psychological wrestling performance: success predictors in female Olympic wrestling

Este estudio se llevó a cabo para determinar los componentes del rendimiento físico, psicológico y antropométrico relacionado con el éxito en lucha olímpica femenina. Treinta y cinco mujeres luchadoras de la especialidad de Libre Olímpica Femenina fueron divididas en dos grupos de acuerdo a su nivel competitivo: Élite (n=13) y Amateur (n=22). Todos los sujetos fueron sometidos a una valoración antropométrica, a una completa batería de test físicos (test de fuerza dinámica e isométrica máxima, potencia muscular, test Wingate de brazos, velocidad de desplazamiento y test de extensibilidad isquiosural) así como una valoración de sus características psicológicas asociadas al rendimiento deportivo mediante el Inventario Psicológico de Ejecución Deportiva. Las luchadoras de élite presentaron niveles superiores en edad, experiencia en el entrenamiento, fuerza dinámica e isométrica máxima, potencia mecánica máxima, potencia y capacidad anaeróbica del test Wingate, así como valores inferiores en masa grasa. Las luchadoras de élite mostraron igualmente autopercepciones significativamente superiores en la escala de autoconfianza en relación a las luchadoras amateur. Estos resultados sugieren que la optimización del metabolismo anaeróbico y neuromuscular, así como determinadas habilidades psicológicas asociadas al rendimiento deportivo son condicionales y por lo tanto predictoras del éxito en lucha olímpica femenina (AU)

This study was undertaken to determine differences in physical, psychological and body composition variables related to success in female Olympic wrestling. Thirty five female freestyle wrestlers were assigned into two groups according to their competitive level: Elite (n=13) and Amateur (n=22). All subjects underwent an anthropometric assessment, a complete physical fitness test battery (maximal dynamic and isometric strength, muscle power output, crank-arm Wingate test, running speed and hamstring extensibility) as well as psychological characteristics assessment associated with sport performance through the Psychological Performance Inventory. Elite wrestlers were older, had more training experience, maximal dynamic and isometric strength, muscle power, mean and peak power during the crank-arm Wingate test, as well as lower percent body fat values. Furthermore, elite wrestlers showed significantly higher self-perceptions in the self-confidence scale. The present results suggest that several neuromuscular, anaerobic and psychological performance markers can be consider such as success predictors in female Olympic wrestling (AU)

Factores físicos y psicológicos predictores del éxito en lucha olímpica / Physical and psychological factors in predicting olympic wrestling performance

Este estudio se llevó a cabo para determinar los componentes del rendimiento físico, psicológico y antropométrico relacionados con el éxito en Lucha olímpica. Treinta y siete luchadores varones de las especialidades de Libre olímpica y Grecorromana fueron divididos en dos grupos de acuerdo a su nivel competitivo: Élite (n = 18) y Amateur (n = 19). Todos los sujetos fueron sometidos a una valoración antropométrica, a una completa batería de test físicos (test de fuerza dinámica e isométrica máxima, potencia muscular, test wingate de brazos, velocidad de desplazamiento y de extensibilidad isquiosural) así como a una valoración de sus características psicológicas asociadas al rendimiento deportivo mediante el Inventario Psicológico de Ejecución Deportiva. Los luchadores de élite presentaron niveles superiores en edad, experiencia en el entrenamiento, masa libre de grasa, fuerza dinámica e isométrica máxima, potencia mecánica máxima, potencia y capacidad anaeróbica del test wingate, así como autopercepciones significativamente superiores en autoconfianza, control actitudinal y en la media total del sumatorio de todas las escalas. Estos resultados sugieren que la optimización del metabolismo anaeróbico y neuromuscular, así como determinadas variables psicológicas asociadas al rendimiento deportivo son condicionales y por lo tanto predictoras del éxito en Lucha olímpica (AU)

This study was undertaken to analyse differences in physical, psychological and anthropometric markers related to success in olympic wrestling. Thirty seven male Freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestlers were assigned to two groups according to their competitive level: Elite (n = 18) and Amateur (n = 19). All the subjects underwent an anthropometric assessment, a complete physical fitness test battery (maximal dynamic and isometric strength, muscle power output, crank-arm wingate test, running speed and hamstring extensibility) as well as a psychological characteristics assessment associated with sport performance through the Psychological Performance Inventory. The elite wrestlers were older, had more training experience, a fat free mass, maximal dynamic and isometric strength, muscle power, mean and peak power during wingate testing and significantly higher self- perceptions of self-control, attitude control and the total average of the sum of all the scales. These results suggest that the optimisation of neuromuscular and anaerobic metabolism and several psychological performance markers are conditional and thus predictive of success in wrestling (AU)

Factores anaeróbicos predictores del éxito en lucha olímpica / Anaerobic factors to predict wrestling performance

Este estudio se llevó a cabo para determinar la relación existente entre el rendimiento del metabolismo anaeróbico (potencia y capacidad anaeróbica) y el éxito en Lucha. Tomaron parte en el estudio 37 luchadores varones de las especialidades de Libre Olímpica y Grecorromana, con una masa corporal comprendida entre 68-84 kg. De acuerdo con su nivel de rendimiento los sujetos fueron divididos en 2 grupos: Élite (n = 18) y Amateur (n = 19). Todos los sujetos realizaron un test Wingate de 30s en un cicloergómetro SRM Indoor Trainer (Schoberer RadMeßtechnik, Germany) que fue específicamente modificado para realizar la ergometría de brazos en bipedestación. Se personalizó individualmente la altura del eje del pedalier y la (..) (AU)

This study was undertaken to establish the relationship between anaerobic metabolism (anaerobic power and anaerobic capacity) and success in wrestling. Thirty seven male FreeStyle and Greco-Roman wrestlers took part in this study, body mass ranged between 68-84 kg. According to the performance level, all the wrestlers were (..) (AU)

Opinión de los escolares de la región de Murcia en relación a su práctica deportiva y preferencias respecto al deporte / Student’s sport preferences and beliefs about their sport practice in Murcia (Spain)

Las actividades físico-deportivas ocupan un lugar destacado en nuestra sociedad, convirtiéndose en un bien cultural y factor esencial de la vida sana y equilibrada. Planteamos la hipótesis de que la práctica de un modelo de deporte escolar educativo y formativo, puede favorecer el proceso formativo de los niños en edad escolar. Para ello, es necesario analizar una muestra donde se pondrá de manifiesto por edades, sexos, comarcas y ciclos lo que piensan los escolares de esta Región sobre el deporte y qué actividades prefieren para llenar su tiempo libre, entre otras cosas. Los resultados nos determinan que a un 85% de los escolares de la Región de Murcia les gusta el deporte y además les gusta practicarlo (AU)

Physical activities are nowadays a big part of our society, and have become a part of our culture and are essential to achieve a healthy way of life. We hypothesised that the practice of scholar sports can help children’s development at the school age. For that reason, we had analysed children’s beliefs and those activities they prefer to join in their leisure time. Among other factors, we studied this population by age, gender and location. The results showed us that 85% of the students at the school age of the Murcia Region liked sports and enjoyed the practice of it (AU)